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Oceania Healthcare Market Report 2017 Including: Healthcare Services, Pharmaceutical, and Medical Equipment Covering: McKesson, UnitedHealth Group, CVS Health, AmerisourceBergen, Walgreens Boots Alliance, Cardinal Health,
Publisher: TBRC
Published: 2017/02/20
Page: 113
Format: PDF
According to the IMF, Oceania’s total GDP was $1.6 trillion in 2014 accounting for 2.0% of global GDP. Australia and New Zealand are the major countries in this region. Australia has been implementing various reforms to improve healthcare services access in many parts in the country.
The term healthcare refers to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease or illness, and other physical and mental impairments in humans and animals. The healthcare market provides products and services to treat patients with curative, preventive, rehabilitative or palliative care.
Reasons to Purchase
‧ Outperform competitors using accurate up to date demand-side dynamics information.
‧ Identify growth segments for investment.
‧ Facilitate decision making on the basis of historic and forecast data and the drivers and restraints on the market.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Stay abreast of the latest customer and market research findings
‧ Benchmark performance against key competitors.
‧ Develop strategies based on likely future developments.
‧ Utilize the relationships between key data sets for superior strategizing.
‧ Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
‧ Gain a global perspective on the development of the market.
Description
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for healthcare? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The healthcare global market report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.
The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market’s historic and forecast market growth by geography. It places the market within the context of the wider healthcare market, and compares it with other markets.
‧ The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
‧ The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market and forecasting the future. Drivers and restraints looks at the external factors supporting and controlling the growth of the market.
‧ Market segmentations break down market into sub markets that are healthcare services, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment..
‧ The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It draws comparisons with country populations and economies to understand the importance of the market by country and how this is changing.
‧ Competitive landscape gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
‧ The trends and strategies section highlights the likely future developments in the market and suggests approaches companies can take to exploit this.
‧ The healthcare market section of the report gives context. It compares the healthcare market with other segments of the healthcare market by size and growth, historic and forecast. It analyses Expenditure Per Capita, Expenditure Per Household, Healthcare Indicators Comparison, Hospitals, Hospital Beds across selected countries.
Scope
Markets covered: Healthcare Services, Pharmaceutical, Medical Equipment
Companies mentioned: McKesson, UnitedHealth Group, CVS Health, AmerisourceBergen, Walgreens Boots Alliance, Cardinal Health, Express Scripts Holdings, Anthem, Johnson & Johnson, Aetna and Others.
Regions: Oceania
Time series: Five years historic and forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, population, GDP, Healthcare Indicators Comparison, Number of Hospitals, Number of Hospital Beds.
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
The term healthcare refers to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease or illness, and other physical and mental impairments in humans and animals. The healthcare market provides products and services to treat patients with curative, preventive, rehabilitative or palliative care.
Reasons to Purchase
‧ Outperform competitors using accurate up to date demand-side dynamics information.
‧ Identify growth segments for investment.
‧ Facilitate decision making on the basis of historic and forecast data and the drivers and restraints on the market.
Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
Stay abreast of the latest customer and market research findings
‧ Benchmark performance against key competitors.
‧ Develop strategies based on likely future developments.
‧ Utilize the relationships between key data sets for superior strategizing.
‧ Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis
‧ Gain a global perspective on the development of the market.
Description
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for healthcare? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? The healthcare global market report from the Business Research Company answers all these questions and many more.
The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market’s historic and forecast market growth by geography. It places the market within the context of the wider healthcare market, and compares it with other markets.
‧ The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
‧ The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market and forecasting the future. Drivers and restraints looks at the external factors supporting and controlling the growth of the market.
‧ Market segmentations break down market into sub markets that are healthcare services, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment..
‧ The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It draws comparisons with country populations and economies to understand the importance of the market by country and how this is changing.
‧ Competitive landscape gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
‧ The trends and strategies section highlights the likely future developments in the market and suggests approaches companies can take to exploit this.
‧ The healthcare market section of the report gives context. It compares the healthcare market with other segments of the healthcare market by size and growth, historic and forecast. It analyses Expenditure Per Capita, Expenditure Per Household, Healthcare Indicators Comparison, Hospitals, Hospital Beds across selected countries.
Scope
Markets covered: Healthcare Services, Pharmaceutical, Medical Equipment
Companies mentioned: McKesson, UnitedHealth Group, CVS Health, AmerisourceBergen, Walgreens Boots Alliance, Cardinal Health, Express Scripts Holdings, Anthem, Johnson & Johnson, Aetna and Others.
Regions: Oceania
Time series: Five years historic and forecast.
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, population, GDP, Healthcare Indicators Comparison, Number of Hospitals, Number of Hospital Beds.
Data segmentations: country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments.
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes.
1. Healthcare Market Characteristics 11
2. Oceania Healthcare Market 13
2.1 Oceania Healthcare Market 13
2.1.1 Oceania Healthcare Market Overview 13
2.1.2 Oceania Healthcare Historic Market, 2012-2016 15
2.1.3 Oceania Healthcare Forecast Market, 2016-2020 16
2.1.4 Oceania Market Size by Segment 17
Healthcare Services 18
Pharmaceuticals 18
Medical Equipment 18
2.1.5 Oceania Healthcare Market, Historic and Forecast Growth Rate, By Segment, 2012 – 2020 18
2.1.6 Oceania Healthcare Services Market Size By Segment 19
Hospitals and Outpatient Care Centers 19
Physicians and Other Health Practitioners 19
Home Health Care and Residential Nursing Care Services 19
Medical And Diagnostic Laboratory Services 19
Dental Services 19
Residential Substance Abuse and Mental Health Facilities 19
Veterinary Services 19
2.2 Oceania Healthcare Market: Country Analysis 22
2.3 Australia Healthcare Market 22
2.3.1 Australia Healthcare Market Overview 22
2.3.2 Australia Healthcare Historic Market, 2012-2016 24
2.3.3 Australia Healthcare Forecast Market, 2016-2020 25
2.3.4 Australia Market Size by Segment 26
Healthcare Services 27
Pharmaceuticals 27
Medical Equipment 27
2.3.5 Australia Healthcare Services Market Size By Segment 27
Hospitals and Outpatient Care Centers 27
Physicians and Other Health Practitioners 27
Home Health Care and Residential Nursing Care Services 27
Medical And Diagnostic Laboratory Services 27
Dental Services 27
Residential Substance Abuse and Mental Health Facilities 27
Veterinary Services 27
2.3.6 Australia Average Revenue Per Hospital, 2012-2020 30
2.3.7 Australia Average Revenue Per Hospital Bed Per Annum, 2012-2020 31
3. Healthcare Market Size and Growth 33
3.1 Historic Market Growth 33
3.1.1 Drivers of the Market 34
Health Insurance Reforms 34
Falling Oil Prices 34
Technology Development 34
3.1.2 Restraints on the Market 34
Patent Expiration of Drugs 34
Low Healthcare Access 34
Government Regulations 34
Shortage Of Skilled Manpower 35
3.2 Forecast Market Growth 36
3.2.1 Drivers of the Market 37
Aging Populations 37
Increase In Healthcare Access 37
Economic Growth 37
Changes in Lifestyles 37
3.2.2 Restraints on the Market 37
Rising Cost 37
Reduction In Free Trade 37
Self-Care Diagnostics 38
Political Instability Driven By The Rise Of Authoritarian Rulers 38
4. Porters Five Force Model 39
4.1 Bargaining Power of Buyers 40
4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 40
4.3 Threat of New Entrants 41
4.4 Threat of Substitutes 42
4.5 Industry Competition 42
5. PESTLE Analysis 44
5.1 Political 45
5.2 Economic 45
5.3 Social 46
5.4 Technological 47
5.5 Legal 49
5.6 Environmental 50
6. Healthcare Market Segmentation 52
6.1. Global Segmentation 52
Healthcare Services 52
Pharmaceutical 52
Medical Equipment 52
6.2. Global Healthcare Market, Historic And Forecast Growth Rate, By 2012-2020 53
6.3. Segmentation by Country 54
6.4. Healthcare Services 55
6.4.1. Market Characteristics 55
6.4.2. Market Trends and Strategies 56
Increase in Bundle Payments 56
Digital Tools Usage 56
More Power with Patients 56
Collaborations across Industries and Companies 57
6.5. Pharmaceutical 57
6.5.1. Market Characteristics 57
6.5.2. Market Trends and Strategies 57
Turning Away From Animal Testing 58
Increase In Personalized Medicine 58
Collaboration Driving Innovation 58
Increase in Mergers and Acquisitions 58
Rise of Biologics/Gene Therapy 58
Aggressive Pricing Changes in Some Drugs 59
6.6. Medical Equipment 59
6.6.1. Market Characteristics 59
6.6.2. Market Trends and Strategies 59
Self-Diagnosis/Treatment is Increasing 59
Technology and Analytics in Patient Care 60
Wearables and Mobile Applications 60
Shift to Service Contracts 60
7. Healthcare Market Regional and Country Analysis 61
7.1. Global Healthcare Market, 2016, By Region 61
7.2. Global Healthcare Market, 2012-2020, Historic and Forecast, By Region 62
7.3. Healthcare Market, 2016, By country 64
7.4. Healthcare Market, 2012- 2020, Historic and Forecast, By Country 65
8. Global Healthcare Market Comparison with Macro Economic Factors 67
8.1. Healthcare Market Size, Percentage Of GDP, Global 67
8.2. Per Capita Average Healthcare Expenditure, Global 68
9. Healthcare Market Comparison with Macro Economic Factor Across Countries 69
9.1. Healthcare Market Size, Percentage Of GDP, By Country 69
9.2. Per Capita Average Healthcare Expenditure, By Country 70
9.3. Per Capita Average Healthcare Services Expenditure Per Annum, By Country 71
9.4. Per Capita Average Medical Equipment Expenditure Per Annum, By Country 71
9.5. Per Capita Average Pharmaceuticals Expenditure Per Annum, By Country 73
9.6. Average Household Healthcare Expenditure, By Country 74
9.7. Proportion of Elderly Population (65+), By Country 76
9.8. Healthcare Per Capita Expenditure Versus Proportion of Elderly Population (65+), By Country 77
10. Healthcare Market Indicators Comparison 78
10.1. Hospitals, By Country 78
10.2. Average Revenue Per Hospital, By Country 79
10.3. Hospital Beds, By Country 81
10.4. Average Revenue Per Hospital Bed Per Annum, By Country 82
11. Global Healthcare Market Competitive Landscape 84
11.1. Company Profiles 84
11.2. NHS 84
11.2.1. Overview 84
11.2.2. Products and Services 84
11.2.3. Financial Performance 84
11.3. Pfizer 85
11.3.1. Overview 85
11.3.2. Products and Services 85
11.3.3. Strategy 85
11.3.4. Financial Performance 86
11.4. Hoffmann-La Roche 87
11.4.1. Overview 87
11.4.2. Products and Services 87
11.4.3. Strategy 87
11.4.4. Financial Performance 88
11.5. GlaxoSmithKline 88
11.5.1. Overview 88
11.5.2. Products and Services 89
11.5.3. Strategy 89
11.5.4. Financial Performance 90
11.6. Merk & Co 91
11.6.1. Overview 91
11.6.2. Products and Services 91
11.6.3. Strategy 91
11.6.4. Financial Performance 92
11.7. Sanofi 93
11.7.1. Overview 93
11.7.2. Products and Services 93
11.7.3. Strategy 93
11.7.4. Financial Performance 94
11.8. Gilead Sciences 95
11.8.1. Overview 95
11.8.2. Products and Services 95
11.8.3. Strategy 95
11.8.4. Financial Performance 95
11.9. Novartis 96
11.9.1. Overview 96
11.9.2. Products and Services 96
11.9.3. Strategy 97
11.9.4. Financial Performance 97
11.10. Medtronic Plc 98
11.10.1. Overview 98
11.10.2. Products and Services 98
11.10.3. Strategy 98
11.10.4. Financial Performance 99
11.11. Johnson & Johnson 99
11.11.1. Overview 99
11.11.2. Products and Services 100
11.11.3. Strategy 100
11.11.4. Financial Performance 101
12. Healthcare Market Customer Information 102
Consumers Engagement with Healthcare Providers Is Increasing Rapidly 102
More Consumers Are Searching For Healthcare Related Information Online 102
Healthcare Providers Are Shifting from Fee Based Payments to Value-Based Payments 102
mHealth Technologies Adoption 102
Hospital Digitalization Is Saving Costs and Improving Life Expectancy 102
Consumers Engagement With Healthcare Providers Is Increasing Rapidly 102
More Consumers Are Searching For Healthcare Related Information Online 103
Use Of Technology To Measure Fitness And Monitor Health Problems 103
Consumers Are Moving Towards Private Dental Care 103
Adoption of Technology Aided Home Care 103
Use of Electronic Health Records in Long term or Post-Acute Care Providers (LTPAC) 103
Increasing Consumer’s Concerns On Drug Pricing 104
Increasing Concerns About Commercial Advertisements for Prescription Drugs 104
Veterinary Services Customer Information 104
Difficulty In Getting The Services Of Veterinarians During Emergencies 104
High Competition From Low Cost Providers 104
Pet Insurance Penetration In The USA Is Still Very Low 104
Cats And Dog Drugs Are Still Being Sold Mainly In Clinics 104
13. Key Mergers and Acquisitions in The Healthcare Market 105
14. Healthcare Market Trends and Strategies 107
Digitalization Of Medical Records 107
Introduction Of Healthcare Schemes 107
Personalized Health 107
Increase in Mergers and Acquisitions 107
Personalized Medicine 108
Printed Paper Diagnostics 108
15. Appendix 109
15.1.1. NAICS Definitions of Industries Covered in This Report 109
15.1.2. Abbreviations 110
15.1.3. Currencies 110
15.1.4. Research Methodology 111
15.1.5. Research Inquiries 112
15.1.6. The Business Research Company 112
15.1.7. Copyright and Disclaimer 112
2. Oceania Healthcare Market 13
2.1 Oceania Healthcare Market 13
2.1.1 Oceania Healthcare Market Overview 13
2.1.2 Oceania Healthcare Historic Market, 2012-2016 15
2.1.3 Oceania Healthcare Forecast Market, 2016-2020 16
2.1.4 Oceania Market Size by Segment 17
Healthcare Services 18
Pharmaceuticals 18
Medical Equipment 18
2.1.5 Oceania Healthcare Market, Historic and Forecast Growth Rate, By Segment, 2012 – 2020 18
2.1.6 Oceania Healthcare Services Market Size By Segment 19
Hospitals and Outpatient Care Centers 19
Physicians and Other Health Practitioners 19
Home Health Care and Residential Nursing Care Services 19
Medical And Diagnostic Laboratory Services 19
Dental Services 19
Residential Substance Abuse and Mental Health Facilities 19
Veterinary Services 19
2.2 Oceania Healthcare Market: Country Analysis 22
2.3 Australia Healthcare Market 22
2.3.1 Australia Healthcare Market Overview 22
2.3.2 Australia Healthcare Historic Market, 2012-2016 24
2.3.3 Australia Healthcare Forecast Market, 2016-2020 25
2.3.4 Australia Market Size by Segment 26
Healthcare Services 27
Pharmaceuticals 27
Medical Equipment 27
2.3.5 Australia Healthcare Services Market Size By Segment 27
Hospitals and Outpatient Care Centers 27
Physicians and Other Health Practitioners 27
Home Health Care and Residential Nursing Care Services 27
Medical And Diagnostic Laboratory Services 27
Dental Services 27
Residential Substance Abuse and Mental Health Facilities 27
Veterinary Services 27
2.3.6 Australia Average Revenue Per Hospital, 2012-2020 30
2.3.7 Australia Average Revenue Per Hospital Bed Per Annum, 2012-2020 31
3. Healthcare Market Size and Growth 33
3.1 Historic Market Growth 33
3.1.1 Drivers of the Market 34
Health Insurance Reforms 34
Falling Oil Prices 34
Technology Development 34
3.1.2 Restraints on the Market 34
Patent Expiration of Drugs 34
Low Healthcare Access 34
Government Regulations 34
Shortage Of Skilled Manpower 35
3.2 Forecast Market Growth 36
3.2.1 Drivers of the Market 37
Aging Populations 37
Increase In Healthcare Access 37
Economic Growth 37
Changes in Lifestyles 37
3.2.2 Restraints on the Market 37
Rising Cost 37
Reduction In Free Trade 37
Self-Care Diagnostics 38
Political Instability Driven By The Rise Of Authoritarian Rulers 38
4. Porters Five Force Model 39
4.1 Bargaining Power of Buyers 40
4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 40
4.3 Threat of New Entrants 41
4.4 Threat of Substitutes 42
4.5 Industry Competition 42
5. PESTLE Analysis 44
5.1 Political 45
5.2 Economic 45
5.3 Social 46
5.4 Technological 47
5.5 Legal 49
5.6 Environmental 50
6. Healthcare Market Segmentation 52
6.1. Global Segmentation 52
Healthcare Services 52
Pharmaceutical 52
Medical Equipment 52
6.2. Global Healthcare Market, Historic And Forecast Growth Rate, By 2012-2020 53
6.3. Segmentation by Country 54
6.4. Healthcare Services 55
6.4.1. Market Characteristics 55
6.4.2. Market Trends and Strategies 56
Increase in Bundle Payments 56
Digital Tools Usage 56
More Power with Patients 56
Collaborations across Industries and Companies 57
6.5. Pharmaceutical 57
6.5.1. Market Characteristics 57
6.5.2. Market Trends and Strategies 57
Turning Away From Animal Testing 58
Increase In Personalized Medicine 58
Collaboration Driving Innovation 58
Increase in Mergers and Acquisitions 58
Rise of Biologics/Gene Therapy 58
Aggressive Pricing Changes in Some Drugs 59
6.6. Medical Equipment 59
6.6.1. Market Characteristics 59
6.6.2. Market Trends and Strategies 59
Self-Diagnosis/Treatment is Increasing 59
Technology and Analytics in Patient Care 60
Wearables and Mobile Applications 60
Shift to Service Contracts 60
7. Healthcare Market Regional and Country Analysis 61
7.1. Global Healthcare Market, 2016, By Region 61
7.2. Global Healthcare Market, 2012-2020, Historic and Forecast, By Region 62
7.3. Healthcare Market, 2016, By country 64
7.4. Healthcare Market, 2012- 2020, Historic and Forecast, By Country 65
8. Global Healthcare Market Comparison with Macro Economic Factors 67
8.1. Healthcare Market Size, Percentage Of GDP, Global 67
8.2. Per Capita Average Healthcare Expenditure, Global 68
9. Healthcare Market Comparison with Macro Economic Factor Across Countries 69
9.1. Healthcare Market Size, Percentage Of GDP, By Country 69
9.2. Per Capita Average Healthcare Expenditure, By Country 70
9.3. Per Capita Average Healthcare Services Expenditure Per Annum, By Country 71
9.4. Per Capita Average Medical Equipment Expenditure Per Annum, By Country 71
9.5. Per Capita Average Pharmaceuticals Expenditure Per Annum, By Country 73
9.6. Average Household Healthcare Expenditure, By Country 74
9.7. Proportion of Elderly Population (65+), By Country 76
9.8. Healthcare Per Capita Expenditure Versus Proportion of Elderly Population (65+), By Country 77
10. Healthcare Market Indicators Comparison 78
10.1. Hospitals, By Country 78
10.2. Average Revenue Per Hospital, By Country 79
10.3. Hospital Beds, By Country 81
10.4. Average Revenue Per Hospital Bed Per Annum, By Country 82
11. Global Healthcare Market Competitive Landscape 84
11.1. Company Profiles 84
11.2. NHS 84
11.2.1. Overview 84
11.2.2. Products and Services 84
11.2.3. Financial Performance 84
11.3. Pfizer 85
11.3.1. Overview 85
11.3.2. Products and Services 85
11.3.3. Strategy 85
11.3.4. Financial Performance 86
11.4. Hoffmann-La Roche 87
11.4.1. Overview 87
11.4.2. Products and Services 87
11.4.3. Strategy 87
11.4.4. Financial Performance 88
11.5. GlaxoSmithKline 88
11.5.1. Overview 88
11.5.2. Products and Services 89
11.5.3. Strategy 89
11.5.4. Financial Performance 90
11.6. Merk & Co 91
11.6.1. Overview 91
11.6.2. Products and Services 91
11.6.3. Strategy 91
11.6.4. Financial Performance 92
11.7. Sanofi 93
11.7.1. Overview 93
11.7.2. Products and Services 93
11.7.3. Strategy 93
11.7.4. Financial Performance 94
11.8. Gilead Sciences 95
11.8.1. Overview 95
11.8.2. Products and Services 95
11.8.3. Strategy 95
11.8.4. Financial Performance 95
11.9. Novartis 96
11.9.1. Overview 96
11.9.2. Products and Services 96
11.9.3. Strategy 97
11.9.4. Financial Performance 97
11.10. Medtronic Plc 98
11.10.1. Overview 98
11.10.2. Products and Services 98
11.10.3. Strategy 98
11.10.4. Financial Performance 99
11.11. Johnson & Johnson 99
11.11.1. Overview 99
11.11.2. Products and Services 100
11.11.3. Strategy 100
11.11.4. Financial Performance 101
12. Healthcare Market Customer Information 102
Consumers Engagement with Healthcare Providers Is Increasing Rapidly 102
More Consumers Are Searching For Healthcare Related Information Online 102
Healthcare Providers Are Shifting from Fee Based Payments to Value-Based Payments 102
mHealth Technologies Adoption 102
Hospital Digitalization Is Saving Costs and Improving Life Expectancy 102
Consumers Engagement With Healthcare Providers Is Increasing Rapidly 102
More Consumers Are Searching For Healthcare Related Information Online 103
Use Of Technology To Measure Fitness And Monitor Health Problems 103
Consumers Are Moving Towards Private Dental Care 103
Adoption of Technology Aided Home Care 103
Use of Electronic Health Records in Long term or Post-Acute Care Providers (LTPAC) 103
Increasing Consumer’s Concerns On Drug Pricing 104
Increasing Concerns About Commercial Advertisements for Prescription Drugs 104
Veterinary Services Customer Information 104
Difficulty In Getting The Services Of Veterinarians During Emergencies 104
High Competition From Low Cost Providers 104
Pet Insurance Penetration In The USA Is Still Very Low 104
Cats And Dog Drugs Are Still Being Sold Mainly In Clinics 104
13. Key Mergers and Acquisitions in The Healthcare Market 105
14. Healthcare Market Trends and Strategies 107
Digitalization Of Medical Records 107
Introduction Of Healthcare Schemes 107
Personalized Health 107
Increase in Mergers and Acquisitions 107
Personalized Medicine 108
Printed Paper Diagnostics 108
15. Appendix 109
15.1.1. NAICS Definitions of Industries Covered in This Report 109
15.1.2. Abbreviations 110
15.1.3. Currencies 110
15.1.4. Research Methodology 111
15.1.5. Research Inquiries 112
15.1.6. The Business Research Company 112
15.1.7. Copyright and Disclaimer 112