NDT and Inspection Market with COVID-19 Impact by Technique (Visual Testing, Magnetic Particle, Liquid Penetrant, Eddy-Current, Ultrasonic, Radiographic, Acoustic Emission), Method, Service, Vertical, and Region - Global Forecast to 2025

The global NDT and inspection market size is estimated to grow from USD 8.4 billion in 2020 to USD 11.7 billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 7.0%. Stringent government regulations regarding public safety & product quality and continuous advances in electronics, automation, and robotics are a few major factors driving the NDT and inspection market growth. The high adoption of IoT devices and the rising need to assess the health of aging assets are the other factors that propel the development of the NDT and inspection market.
“Based on techniques, the market for the eddy-current testing (ECT) technique to witness a high CAGR during the forecast period.”
The eddy-current testing technique is expected to multiply during the forecast period from 2020 to 2025. This technique is used to measure or identify the surface and alloy content, subsurface cracks & seams, conductivity, heat treatment variations, crack depth, coating thickness, and permeability. It is used widely in the aerospace and manufacturing verticals and service environments that inspect safety or quality-related issues. The eddy-current testing approach is used to check surface-breaking cracks on metals and inspect discontinuities in metal tubes.
“Training services to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period.”
Training services are likely to continue to gain the second-largest market share in the coming years since training NDT technicians to keep them updated with new technological trends and make them aware of the customers' changing demands is equally essential. The market for training services is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period.


APAC to be the fastest-growing market for non-destructive testing and inspection activities
Asia Pacific is likely to be the fastest-growing region in the NDT and inspection market due to the rapid infrastructural development and automation adoption in manufacturing industries in countries such as India and China. The Make in India campaign promotion by the government and the development in the Smart Cities project provide lucrative opportunities for the players in the NDT and inspection market in India. The market in India is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period.


In-depth interviews have been conducted with C-level executives, managers, and other executives from various key organizations operating in the NDT and inspection market.


Break-up of profiles of primary participants for the report is given below:
 By Company Type: Tier 1 – 26%, Tier 2 – 32%, and Tier 3 – 42%
 By Designation: C-Level Executives –52%, Directors – 23%, and Managers – 25%
 By Region: North America - 44%, Europe – 29%, APAC – 23%, and RoW – 4%


Major players in the NDT and inspection market are as follows:

‧ General Electric (US)
‧ Olympus Corporation (Japan)
‧ MISTRAS Group (US)
‧ Nikon Metrology (Belgium)
‧ Ashtead Technology (Scotland)
‧ SGS S.A (US)
‧ Magnaflux (US)
‧ Zetec, Inc. (US)
‧ Eddyfi (Canada)
‧ YXLON International (Germany)
‧ Sonatest (UK)
‧ T.D. Williamson Inc. (US)
‧ Bosello High Technology srl (Italy)
‧ Fischer Technology Inc. (US)
‧ Cygnus Instruments Ltd. (UK)
‧ NDT Global GmbH (Germany)
‧ Acuren (US)
‧ LynX Inspection (Canada).

Research Coverage:

The report defines, describes, and forecasts the NDT and inspection market based on technique, method, service, vertical, and geography. It also analyzes competitive developments such as product launches and developments, agreements, partnerships, collaborations, mergers and acquisitions, and expansions carried out by key players to grow in the market.

Key Benefits of Buying the Report

1. This report segments the NDT and Inspection market comprehensively and provides the closest approximations of the overall market size and subsegments across different applications and regions.
2. The report would help stakeholders understand the market's pulse and provide them with information on key drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report would help stakeholders understand their competitors better and gain more insights to enhance their market position. The competitive landscape section includes competitor ecosystem, product launches and developments, partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions carried out in the market in the recent past.

1 INTRODUCTION 27
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 27
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 27
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 28
1.3 STUDY SCOPE 29
1.3.1 MARKETS COVERED 29
1.3.2 GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE 29
1.3.3 YEARS CONSIDERED 30
1.4 CURRENCY 30
1.5 LIMITATIONS 30
1.6 PACKAGE SIZE 30
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS 31
1.8 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 31
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 32
FIGURE 1 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET: PROCESS FLOW FOR
MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 32
FIGURE 2 RESEARCH DESIGN: NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET 33
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 34
2.1.1.1 Key data from secondary sources 34
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 35
2.1.2.1 Key data from primary sources 35
2.1.2.2 Key industry insights 36
2.1.2.3 Breakdown of primaries 36
2.2 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 37
2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 37
2.2.1.1 Approach for obtaining market size using bottom-up analysis (demand side) 37
FIGURE 3 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 38
2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 38
2.2.2.1 Approach for obtaining market size using top-down analysis
(supply side) 38
FIGURE 4 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY:
TOP-DOWN APPROACH 39
2.3 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION 40
FIGURE 5 DATA TRIANGULATION 40
2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 41
FIGURE 6 ASSUMPTIONS FOR RESEARCH STUDY 41
2.5 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 41
2.6 RISKS 42
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 43
FIGURE 7 PRE- AND POST-COVID-19 IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR NDT AND
INSPECTION MARKET 44
TABLE 1 PRE- AND POST-COVID-19 IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR NDT AND
INSPECTION MARKET, 2017–2025 (USD BILLION) 44
FIGURE 8 SERVICE SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGE SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FROM 2020 TO 2025 IN TERMS OF VALUE 45
FIGURE 9 UT SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN 2020 IN TERMS OF VALUE 45
FIGURE 10 MANUFACTURING SEGMENT OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET TO GROW AT HIGHEST CAGR FROM 2020 TO 2025 IN TERMS OF VALUE 46
FIGURE 11 INSPECTION SERVICES SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FROM 2020 TO 2025 IN TERMS OF VALUE 47
FIGURE 12 NORTH AMERICA ACCOUNTED FOR LARGEST SHARE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN 2019 IN TERMS OF VALUE 48
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 49
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET 49
FIGURE 13 SIGNIFICANT GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES FOR NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FROM 2020 TO 2025 49
4.2 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY SERVICE 49
FIGURE 14 INSPECTION SERVICES SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FROM 2017 TO 2025 IN TERMS OF VALUE 49
4.3 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC, BY COUNTRY AND TECHNIQUE, 2019 50
FIGURE 15 CHINA AND UT TECHNIQUE SEGMENT HELD LARGEST SHARES OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC IN 2019 IN TERMS OF VALUE 50
4.4 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY GEOGRAPHY 51
FIGURE 16 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN INDIA TO GROW AT HIGHEST CAGR
FROM 2020 TO 2025 IN TERMS OF VALUE 51
4.5 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY TECHNIQUE, 2020 & 2025 51
FIGURE 17 UT SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FROM 2020 TO 2025 IN TERMS OF VALUE 51
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 52
5.1 INTRODUCTION 52
5.2 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE ANALYSIS 52
FIGURE 18 AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES 52
5.3 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 53
5.4 PATENT ANALYSIS 53
FIGURE 19 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET – PATENT ANALYSIS FROM
JANUARY 2018 TO AUGUST 2020 54
5.5 ECOSYSTEM 54
FIGURE 20 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET: ECOSYSTEM 54
5.6 EVOLUTION OF NDT AND INSPECTION METHODS 55
FIGURE 21 NDT AND INSPECTION METHODS: EVOLUTION 55
5.7 MARKET DYNAMICS 55
FIGURE 22 STRINGENT GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS REGARDING PUBLIC SAFETY AND PRODUCT QUALITY TO DRIVE GROWTH OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET 55
5.7.1 DRIVERS 56
5.7.1.1 Stringent government regulations regarding public safety
and product quality 56
5.7.1.2 Increased adoption of NDT and inspection equipment and services in electronics, automation, and robotics industrial segments 56
5.7.1.3 High adoption of IoT devices 57
5.7.1.4 Increased demand for assessment of health of aging assets 57
FIGURE 23 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET DRIVERS AND THEIR IMPACT 58
5.7.2 RESTRAINTS 58
5.7.2.1 Dearth of skilled and qualified personnel to carry out NDT and inspection activities 58
FIGURE 24 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET RESTRAINTS AND THEIR IMPACT 59
5.7.3 OPPORTUNITIES 59
5.7.3.1 Large-scale infrastructural developments in APAC, Europe,
and Latin America 59
5.7.3.2 Increased demand for NDT and inspection services from power generation industry 60
5.7.3.3 Technological advancements in NDT and inspection techniques and emergence of new applications 60
5.7.3.4 Importance of NDT and inspection activities in controlling corrosion in aging infrastructures 61
FIGURE 25 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND THEIR IMPACT 61
5.7.4 CHALLENGES 62
5.7.4.1 Limited manufacturing activities and supply chain disruptions caused by COVID-19 62
5.7.4.2 Reluctance to adopt new and high-cost NDT and
inspection techniques 62
5.7.4.3 Increased complexity of machines and structures 62
5.7.4.4 High costs of automated NDT and inspection equipment 63
FIGURE 26 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET CHALLENGES AND THEIR IMPACT 63
5.8 CUMULATIVE GROWTH ANALYSIS 64
TABLE 2 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET: CUMULATIVE GROWTH ANALYSIS 64
5.9 APPLICATIONS OF NDT AND INSPECTION 64
FIGURE 27 KEY APPLICATIONS OF NDT AND INSPECTIONS 64
5.9.1 DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT 64
TABLE 3 DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 65
TABLE 4 OBJECTIVES OF DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENTS 65
5.9.2 FLAW DETECTION 66
TABLE 5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCERS USED IN FLAW DETECTION 66
5.9.3 LEAK DETECTION 66
TABLE 6 LEAK TESTING TECHNIQUES 67
5.9.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTY ESTIMATION 67
5.9.5 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION DETERMINATION 67
5.9.5.1 Plasma emission spectrography 68
5.9.5.2 Corrosion resistance testing 68
5.9.6 STRESS AND STRUCTURE ANALYSIS 68
FIGURE 28 NDT TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING STRUCTURAL DAMAGES 68
5.9.7 OTHERS 69
TABLE 7 OTHER NDT AND INSPECTION APPLICATION AREAS 69
6 INDUSTRY TRENDS 70
6.1 INTRODUCTION 70
6.2 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS 70
FIGURE 29 VALUE CHAIN: NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET 70
6.3 EMERGING TRENDS: NDT AND INSPECTION EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY 72
6.3.1 USE OF COMBINATION OF TECHNIQUES 72
6.3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MATERIALS TO REFURBISH MARKET 72
6.3.3 INCREASED CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS FROM NDT AND
INSPECTION EQUIPMENT 72
6.4 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS RELATED TO NDT AND INSPECTION 72
6.5 LEADING ASSOCIATIONS FOR NDT AND INSPECTION 73
6.5.1 THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 73
6.5.2 THE BRITISH INSTITUTE OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING 74
6.5.3 ASTM INTERNATIONAL 76
6.5.4 IMPACT OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON NDT 78
6.6 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES 78
6.6.1 USE CASE 1: PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURES 78
6.6.2 USED CASE 2: OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY 80
FIGURE 30 COST COMPARISON OF DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIES 81
7 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY TECHNIQUE 82
7.1 INTRODUCTION 83
FIGURE 31 SERVICE SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGE SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FROM 2020 TO 2025 83
TABLE 8 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY TECHNIQUE AND SERVICE,
2017–2025 (USD BILLION) 84
FIGURE 32 UT TECHNIQUE SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FROM 2020 TO 2025 84
TABLE 9 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY TECHNIQUE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 85
TABLE 10 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY TECHNIQUE, 2017–2025 (UNITS) 86
7.2 ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT) 86
7.2.1 STRAIGHT BEAM TESTING 87
7.2.1.1 Growing deployment of straight beam testing for inspecting composites and mapping pipeline corrosion 87
7.2.2 ANGLE BEAM TESTING 87
7.2.2.1 Surging demand for angle beam testing in weld inspections 87
7.2.3 IMMERSION TESTING 87
7.2.3.1 Rising adoption of immersion testing in industrial and manufacturing sectors to assure welding quality 87
7.2.4 GUIDED WAVE TESTING 88
7.2.4.1 Growing use of guided wave testing for overall screening of pipe walls 88
7.2.5 PHASED ARRAY TESTING 88
7.2.5.1 Increasing deployment of phased array inspection technique for corrosion, flaw, and crack detection and weld inspection 88
7.2.6 TIME-OF-FLIGHT DIFFRACTION (TOFD) 88
7.2.6.1 Surging adoption of time-of-flight diffraction technique for
weld flaw detection 88
FIGURE 33 OIL AND GAS VERTICAL TO HOLD LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR UT TECHNIQUE IN 2020 89
TABLE 11 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR UT TECHNIQUE, BY VERTICAL,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 89
TABLE 12 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR UT TECHNIQUE, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 90
7.3 VISUAL TESTING (VT) 90
7.3.1 GENERAL VISUAL INSPECTION 90
7.3.1.1 Rising demand for deployment of cost-effective general visual inspection technique for quick detection of flaws in test objects 90
7.3.2 AIDED VISUAL INSPECTION 91
7.3.2.1 Growing use of aided visual inspection for predictive and regular maintenance of fixed and movable assets 91
7.3.2.2 Borescopes 91
7.3.2.2.1 Surging demand for borescopes for inspecting
aircraft engines, steam turbines, diesel engines, and automobile engines 91
7.3.2.3 Endoscopes 91
7.3.2.3.1 Rising adoption of endoscopes in NDT and inspection activities owing to their cost-effectiveness 91
7.3.2.4 Videoscopes 91
7.3.2.4.1 Growing use of videoscopes to produce high-quality images for detecting flaws in test objects and streamlining inspection process 91
TABLE 13 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR VT TECHNIQUE, BY VERTICAL,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 92
TABLE 14 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR VT TECHNIQUE, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 92
7.4 MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING (MPT) 92
7.4.1 RISING DEMAND FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING TO CARRY OUT UNDERWATER INSPECTIONS 92
FIGURE 34 MANUFACTURING SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR MPT TECHNIQUE IN 2025 93
TABLE 15 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR MPT TECHNIQUE, BY VERTICAL,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 94
TABLE 16 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR MPT TECHNIQUE, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 94
7.5 LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING (LPT) 95
7.5.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING TO
TEST DIFFERENT MATERIALS 95
TABLE 17 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT LPT TECHNIQUES 95
TABLE 18 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR LPT TECHNIQUE, BY VERTICAL,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 96
TABLE 19 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR LPT TECHNIQUE, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 96
7.6 EDDY-CURRENT TESTING (ECT) 97
7.6.1 ALTERNATING CURRENT FIELD MEASUREMENT (ACFM) 97
7.6.1.1 Growing use of ACFM technique for weld and threat inspections of magnetic and non-magnetic components 97
7.6.2 REMOTE FIELD TESTING (RFT) 97
7.6.2.1 Surging use of RFT for defect detection in internal and
external surfaces 97
7.6.3 EDDY-CURRENT ARRAY (ECA) 97
7.6.3.1 Surging demand for ECA technique for corrosion detection 97
TABLE 20 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR ECT TECHNIQUE, BY VERTICAL,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 98
TABLE 21 NDT INSPECTION MARKET FOR ECT TECHNIQUE, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 98
7.7 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (RT) 98
7.7.1 X-RAY TESTING 99
7.7.1.1 Rising use of X-ray testing for detection of surface and
internal discontinuities 99
7.7.2 GAMMA RAY TESTING 99
7.7.2.1 Increasing use of Gamma ray testing to detect internal
voids in materials 99
7.7.3 COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY 99
7.7.3.1 Growing adoption of computed radiography in clinical applications owing to its reliability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness 99
7.7.4 FILM RADIOGRAPHY 99
7.7.4.1 Surging deployment of film radiography for inspecting hidden flaws in different types of materials 99
7.7.5 DIRECT RADIOGRAPHY (REAL-TIME) 100
7.7.5.1 Increasing use of direct radiography for crack detection 100
FIGURE 35 OIL AND GAS VERTICAL SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR RT TECHNIQUE FROM 2020 TO 2025 100
TABLE 22 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR RT TECHNIQUE, BY VERTICAL,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 100
TABLE 23 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR RT TECHNIQUE, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 101
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7.8 ACOUSTIC EMISSION TESTING (AET) 101
7.8.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR AET FROM METALS INDUSTRY TO DRIVE
GROWTH OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET 101
TABLE 24 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR AET TECHNIQUE, BY VERTICAL,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 102
TABLE 25 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR AET TECHNIQUE, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 102
7.9 OTHERS 102
7.9.1 TERAHERTZ IMAGING 102
TABLE 26 APPLICATIONS OF TERAHERTZ IMAGING, BY INDUSTRY 103
7.9.2 NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY 103
TABLE 27 APPLICATIONS OF NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, BY INDUSTRY 103
TABLE 28 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR OTHER TECHNIQUES, BY VERTICAL, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 104
TABLE 29 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR OTHER TECHNIQUES, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 104
8 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY METHOD 105
8.1 INTRODUCTION 106
FIGURE 36 VOLUMETRIC INSPECTION METHOD SEGMENT EXPECTED TO LEAD NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FROM 2020 TO 2025 106
TABLE 30 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY METHOD, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 106
8.2 VISUAL INSPECTION 107
8.2.1 EMERGENCE OF VISUAL INSPECTION AS MOST COST-EFFECTIVE METHOD FOR SURFACE INSPECTION 107
8.3 SURFACE INSPECTION 107
8.3.1 DEPLOYMENT OF SURFACE INSPECTION TECHNIQUE TO DETECT CRACKS AND DISCONTINUITIES ON SURFACES OF COMPONENTS 107
8.4 VOLUMETRIC INSPECTION 108
8.4.1 VOLUMETRIC INSPECTION METHOD HELD LARGEST SHARE OF
NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN 2019 108
8.5 OTHERS 108
9 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY SERVICE 109
9.1 INTRODUCTION 110
FIGURE 37 INSPECTION SERVICES SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN 2025 110
TABLE 31 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY SERVICE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 110
9.2 INSPECTION SERVICES 111
9.2.1 ULTRASONIC INSPECTION 111
9.2.1.1 Growing use of ultrasonic inspection technique to detect internal defects with high accuracy 111
9.2.2 RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECTION 112
9.2.2.1 Increasing adoption of radiographic inspection for detecting both planar and volumetric defects 112
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9.2.3 VISUAL INSPECTION 112
9.2.3.1 Rising use of cost-effective visual inspection technique for inspecting objects, parts, or components 112
9.2.4 MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION 112
9.2.4.1 Surging deployment of magnetic particle inspection to detect surfaces and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials 112
9.2.5 ADVANCED EDDY-CURRENT INSPECTION 113
9.2.5.1 Growing demand for advanced Eddy-current equipment for fault detection and inspection of complex shapes of conductive materials 113
9.2.6 LIQUID PENETRANT INSPECTION 113
9.2.6.1 Rising use of liquid penetrant inspection to detect
surface discontinuities in both ferromagnetic and
non-ferromagnetic materials 113
TABLE 32 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR INSPECTION SERVICES, BY VERTICAL, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 114
9.3 EQUIPMENT RENTAL SERVICES 114
9.3.1 FLOURISHING MARKET FOR EQUIPMENT RENTAL SERVICES GLOBALLY 114
FIGURE 38 POWER GENERATION SEGMENT EXPECTED TO ACCOUNT FOR
LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR EQUIPMENT RENTAL SERVICES IN 2025 115
TABLE 33 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR EQUIPMENT RENTAL SERVICES,
BY VERTICAL, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 115
9.4 CALIBRATION SERVICES 116
9.4.1 GROWING REQUIREMENT FOR HIGHLY ACCURATE TESTING EQUIPMENT TO DRIVE DEMAND FOR CALIBRATION SERVICES 116
TABLE 34 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR CALIBRATION SERVICES, BY VERTICAL, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 116
9.5 TRAINING SERVICES 117
9.5.1 FLOURISHING MARKET FOR TRAINING SERVICES OWING TO RISING DEMAND FOR SKILLED TECHNICIANS 117
FIGURE 39 POWER GENERATION SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR TRAINING SERVICES MARKET BY 2025 118
TABLE 35 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR TRAINING SERVICES, BY VERTICAL, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 118
10 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY VERTICAL 119
10.1 INTRODUCTION 120
TABLE 36 TESTING REQUIREMENTS OF DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES 120
FIGURE 40 OIL AND GAS SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND
INSPECTION MARKET IN 2020 121
TABLE 37 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY VERTICAL, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 121
10.2 MANUFACTURING 122
10.2.1 ADVANCED NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES FOR
MANUFACTURING VERTICAL 122
10.2.1.1 Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) technique 122
10.2.1.1.1 EMAT technique increases overall probability of flaw and fracture detection in metal surfaces 122
TABLE 38 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR MANUFACTURING VERTICAL,
BY TECHNIQUE AND SERVICE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 122
FIGURE 41 APAC TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR MANUFACTURING VERTICAL IN 2020 123
TABLE 39 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR MANUFACTURING VERTICAL, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 123
TABLE 40 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA FOR MANUFACTURING VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 124
TABLE 41 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE FOR MANUFACTURING VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 124
TABLE 42 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC FOR MANUFACTURING VERTICAL,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 124
TABLE 43 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN ROW FOR MANUFACTURING VERTICAL,
BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 125
10.3 OIL AND GAS 125
10.3.1 REFINERIES 126
10.3.1.1 Refineries adopt NDT and inspection technique to ensure operating safety and avoid unplanned outages 126
10.3.2 TRANSMISSION PIPELINES 126
10.3.2.1 Increased demand for NDT and inspection techniques for inspection and maintenance of transmission pipelines 126
10.3.3 SUBSEA PIPELINES 127
10.3.3.1 Deployment of NDT and inspection techniques for corrosion mapping in subsea pipelines 127
10.3.4 STORAGE TANKS 127
10.3.4.1 Application of NDT and inspection techniques for detection of imperfections in storage tanks 127
10.3.5 ADVANCED NDT TECHNIQUES FOR OIL AND GAS VERTICAL 128
10.3.5.1 Long-range ultrasonic technique (LRUT) 128
10.3.5.1.1 Adoption of long-range ultrasonic technique for detection of corrosion under insulation (CUI) in onshore and offshore oil and gas pipelines 128
10.3.5.2 Positive metal identification technique 128
10.3.5.2.1 Use of positive metal identification technique for identification of flow acceleration corrosion 128
TABLE 44 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR OIL AND GAS VERTICAL,
BY TECHNIQUE AND SERVICE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 128
TABLE 45 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR OIL AND GAS VERTICAL, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 129
TABLE 46 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA FOR OIL AND
GAS VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 129
TABLE 47 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE FOR OIL AND GAS VERTICAL,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 130
TABLE 48 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC FOR OIL AND GAS VERTICAL,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 130
FIGURE 42 MIDDLE EAST TO HOLD LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR OIL AND GAS VERTICAL IN 2020 131
TABLE 49 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN ROW FOR OIL AND GAS VERTICAL,
BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 131
10.4 AEROSPACE 131
TABLE 50 NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES IN AEROSPACE VERTICAL 132
10.4.1 AIRCRAFT ENGINE PART PRODUCTION 132
10.4.1.1 Deployment of Eddy-current testing, ultrasonic testing, and
visual testing for checking aircraft engine parts 132
10.4.2 COMPOSITE AIRFRAME MANUFACTURING 133
10.4.2.1 Increased use of NDT and inspection methods for testing composite materials used in aircraft 133
10.4.3 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE 133
10.4.3.1 Deployment of ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, visual testing, and infrared thermography for aircraft maintenance 133
TABLE 51 ESSENTIAL NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES FOR AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE 133
10.4.4 MATERIAL ANALYSIS 134
10.4.4.1 Adoption of penetrant testing for material analysis in
aerospace industry 134
10.4.5 ADVANCED NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES FOR AEROSPACE VERTICAL 134
10.4.5.1 Dynamic thermography 134
10.4.5.1.1 Dynamic thermography enables real-time high-speed scanning and contactless inspection of test objects 134
10.4.5.2 Air-coupled ultrasound 134
10.4.5.2.1 Air-coupled ultrasound technique detects defects with
high accuracy and probability 134
10.4.5.3 Dynamic interferometry 134
10.4.5.3.1 Dynamic interferometry carries out cost-effective and
fast inspections 134
TABLE 52 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR AEROSPACE VERTICAL,
BY TECHNIQUE AND SERVICE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 53 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR AEROSPACE VERTICAL, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 135
TABLE 54 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA FOR AEROSPACE VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 55 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE FOR AEROSPACE VERTICAL,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 56 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC FOR AEROSPACE VERTICAL,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 57 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN ROW FOR AEROSPACE VERTICAL,
BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 137
10.5 PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE 137
10.5.1 MILITARY AND DEFENSE 137
10.5.1.1 Adoption of NDT and inspection techniques for evaluating helicopter components and aircraft engine turbine blades 137
10.5.2 AIRPORT SECURITY 138
10.5.2.1 Increased use of NDT and inspection techniques in airport security to screen goods to be transported 138
10.5.3 RAILWAYS 138
10.5.3.1 Railways use NDT and inspection techniques for checking
rail wheels, axles, and tracks 138
10.5.4 BRIDGES AND TUNNELS 138
10.5.4.1 Surged demand for maintenance of aging bridges and tunnels 138
10.5.5 BORDER CROSSING 139
10.5.5.1 Increased use of NDT and inspection techniques to check barriers used at border crossing 139
10.5.6 NUCLEAR WASTE STORAGE AND DECOMMISSIONING 139
10.5.6.1 Deployment of NDT and inspection techniques in nuclear power plants for leak detection 139
10.5.7 ADVANCED NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED FOR
PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURES 139
10.5.7.1 Impact echo 139
10.5.7.1.1 Highly accurate and reliable inspections carried out by impact echo technique 139
10.5.7.2 Ground penetrating radars (GPR) 139
10.5.7.2.1 Ground penetrating radars detect rebar, corrosion, and delamination in surfaces under test 139
TABLE 58 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE VERTICAL,
BY TECHNIQUE AND SERVICE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 140
FIGURE 43 NORTH AMERICA TO HOLD LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE VERTICAL FROM 2020 TO 2025 140
TABLE 59 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE VERTICAL,
BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 141
TABLE 60 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 141
TABLE 61 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 62 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 142
TABLE 63 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN ROW FOR PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE VERTICAL, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 142
10.6 AUTOMOTIVE 143
TABLE 64 ADVANTAGES OF USING DIFFERENT NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNOLOGIES IN AUTOMOTIVE VERTICAL 143
10.6.1 ADVANCED NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES ADOPTED IN
AUTOMOTIVE VERTICAL 144
10.6.1.1 High-energy digital radiography 144
10.6.1.1.1 Deployment of high-energy digital radiography for detection of flaws and corrosion in large components of automobiles 144
TABLE 65 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR AUTOMOTIVE VERTICAL, BY TECHNIQUE AND SERVICE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 144
TABLE 66 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR AUTOMOTIVE VERTICAL, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 67 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA FOR AUTOMOTIVE VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 145
TABLE 68 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE FOR AUTOMOTIVE VERTICAL,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 146
TABLE 69 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC FOR AUTOMOTIVE VERTICAL,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 146
TABLE 70 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN ROW FOR AUTOMOTIVE VERTICAL,
BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 146
10.7 POWER GENERATION 147
10.7.1 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 147
10.7.1.1 Surged use of NDT and inspection techniques in nuclear power plants 147
TABLE 71 APPLICATIONS OF NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES IN
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 147
10.7.2 WIND TURBINES 148
10.7.2.1 Surged activities for maintenance and inspection of wind turbines 148
10.7.3 SOLAR POWER 148
10.7.3.1 Risen use of digital radiography to detect defects accurately and efficiently in solar panels used in solar power plants 148
10.7.4 FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY PLANTS 148
10.7.4.1 Increased adoption of radiographic and ultrasonic testing in fossil fuel energy plants 148
10.7.5 ADVANCED NDT AND INSPECTION TECHNIQUES USED IN POWER GENERATION VERTICAL 149
10.7.5.1 Galvano static pulse measurement 149
10.7.5.1.1 Real-time evaluation of corrosion in metal structures of power plants provided by galvano static pulse measurement technique 149
10.7.5.2 Ultrasonic pulse echo testing 149
10.7.5.2.1 Ultrasonic pulse echo testing detects presence of cracks and porosity in metal or steel structures 149
TABLE 72 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR POWER GENERATION VERTICAL,
BY TECHNIQUE AND SERVICE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 73 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR POWER GENERATION VERTICAL,
BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 150
TABLE 74 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA FOR POWER GENERATION VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 150
TABLE 75 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE FOR POWER GENERATION VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 151
FIGURE 44 CHINA TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR POWER GENERATION VERTICAL FROM 2020 TO 2025 151
TABLE 76 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC FOR POWER GENERATION VERTICAL, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 152
TABLE 77 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN ROW FOR POWER GENERATION VERTICAL, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 152
10.8 OTHERS 153
10.8.1 MARINE 153
10.8.2 MEDICAL AND HEALTH 153
10.8.3 PLASTICS AND POLYMERS 153
TABLE 78 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR OTHER VERTICALS, BY TECHNIQUE AND SERVICE, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 154
TABLE 79 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET FOR OTHER VERTICALS, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 154
TABLE 80 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA FOR OTHER VERTICALS, BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 154
TABLE 81 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE FOR OTHER VERTICALS,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 82 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC FOR OTHER VERTICALS,
BY COUNTRY, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 83 NDT AND INSPECTION IN ROW MARKET FOR OTHER VERTICALS, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 155
11 GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 156
11.1 INTRODUCTION 157
FIGURE 45 INDIA TO BE FASTEST-GROWING MARKET FOR NDT AND INSPECTION
FROM 2020 TO 2025 157
TABLE 84 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 158
11.2 NORTH AMERICA 158
FIGURE 46 SNAPSHOT: NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA 159
TABLE 85 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA, BY COUNTRY,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION 159
11.2.1 US 160
11.2.1.1 US to hold largest share of NDT and inspection market in
North America in 2020 160
11.2.2 CANADA 160
11.2.2.1 Risen demand for advanced material testing to drive NDT and inspection market in Canada 160
11.2.3 MEXICO 161
11.2.3.1 NDT and inspection market in Mexico to grow at highest CAGR
during forecast period 161
11.3 EUROPE 161
FIGURE 47 SNAPSHOT: NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE 162
TABLE 86 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRY,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 163
11.3.1 UK 163
11.3.1.1 Increased mining and power generation activities to drive NDT and inspection market 163
11.3.2 GERMANY 164
11.3.2.1 Increased demand for NDT and inspection services and
equipment from automobile vertical to drive NDT and inspection market in Germany 164
11.3.3 FRANCE 164
11.3.3.1 Surged adoption of NDT and inspection services and equipment from aerospace vertical 164
?
11.3.4 ITALY 164
11.3.4.1 Increased oil refining capabilities of Italy to drive NDT and
inspection market 164
11.3.5 REST OF EUROPE 165
11.4 APAC 165
FIGURE 48 SNAPSHOT: NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC 166
TABLE 87 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN APAC, BY COUNTRY,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 166
11.4.1 CHINA 167
11.4.1.1 China to account for largest size of NDT and inspection
market in APAC 167
11.4.2 JAPAN 167
11.4.2.1 Growth of nuclear power generation vertical in Japan to drive
NDT and inspection market 167
11.4.3 INDIA 168
11.4.3.1 Surged demand for NDT equipment and inspection services from manufacturing industry of India 168
11.4.4 REST OF APAC 168
11.5 ROW 168
FIGURE 49 MIDDLE EAST TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGEST SIZE OF NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN ROW FROM 2020 TO 2025 169
TABLE 88 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET IN ROW, BY REGION,
2017–2025 (USD MILLION) 169
11.5.1 SOUTH AMERICA 169
11.5.1.1 Oil and gas and power generation industries to drive demand for
NDT equipment and services in South America 169
11.5.2 MIDDLE EAST 170
11.5.2.1 Increased investments in infrastructure and oil and gas sectors to drive NDT and inspection market in Middle East 170
11.5.3 AFRICA 170
11.5.3.1 Growth in power generation vertical to drive NDT and inspection market in Africa 170
12 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 171
12.1 INTRODUCTION 171
FIGURE 50 LEADING COMPANIES IN NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET MOSTLY ADOPTED ORGANIC GROWTH STRATEGIES FROM 2017 TO 2020 171
12.2 KEY PLAYERS IN NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET 172
FIGURE 51 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2019 172
FIGURE 52 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2015–2019 173
TABLE 89 RATING OF TOP 5 PLAYERS IN NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET, 2019 173
12.3 COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS AND TRENDS 174
FIGURE 53 MARKET PLAYERS ADOPTED PRODUCT LAUNCHES AS KEY BUSINESS STRATEGY FROM 2017 TO 2019 175
12.3.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 175
TABLE 90 PRODUCT LAUNCHES, 2017–2019 175
12.3.2 PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATIONS 176
TABLE 91 PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATIONS, 2017–2019 176
12.3.3 CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS 177
TABLE 92 CONTRACTS AND AGREEMENTS, 2017–2019 177
12.3.4 ACQUISITIONS 178
TABLE 93 ACQUISITIONS, 2017–2019 178
12.4 COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING 179
12.4.1 STAR 179
12.4.2 PERVASIVE 179
12.4.3 EMERGING LEADERS 179
12.4.4 PARTICIPANTS 179
FIGURE 54 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET (GLOBAL) COMPETITIVE LEADERSHIP MAPPING, 2019 180
12.5 STARTUP/SME EVALUATION MATRIX, 2019 181
12.5.1 PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES 181
12.5.2 RESPONSIVE COMPANIES 181
12.5.3 DYNAMIC COMPANIES 181
12.5.4 STARTING BLOCKS 181
FIGURE 55 NDT AND INSPECTION MARKET (GLOBAL) STARTUP/SME
EVALUATION MATRIX, 2019 182
13 COMPANY PROFILES 183
13.1 KEY PLAYERS 183
(Business Overview, Products/Services Offered, Recent Developments, Developments Related to
COVID-19, and MnM View)*
13.1.1 GENERAL ELECTRIC 183
FIGURE 56 GENERAL ELECTRIC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 183
13.1.2 MISTRAS GROUP 187
FIGURE 57 MISTRAS GROUP: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 187
13.1.3 OLYMPUS CORPORATION 191
FIGURE 58 OLYMPUS CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 191
13.1.4 ASHTEAD TECHNOLOGY 195
13.1.5 NIKON METROLOGY 198
13.1.6 SGS S.A. 201
FIGURE 59 SGS S.A.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 201
13.1.7 MAGNAFLUX CORPORATION 205
13.1.8 ZETEC INC. 207
13.1.9 EDDYFI 208
13.1.10 YXLON INTERNATIONAL GMBH 210
13.1.11 SONATEST LTD. 212
* Business Overview, Products/Services Offered, Recent Developments, Developments Related to
COVID-19, and MnM View might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
13.2 OTHERS KEY PLAYERS 214
13.2.1 FISCHER TECHNOLOGY INC. 214
13.2.2 NDT GLOBAL GMBH & CO. KG 215
13.2.3 TD WILLIAMSON, INC. 216
13.2.4 BOSELLO HIGH TECHNOLOGY SRL 217
13.2.5 LABQUIP NDT LIMITED 218
13.2.6 IPROMAR PTE LTD 219
13.2.7 FPRIMEC SOLUTIONS INC. 219
13.2.8 LYNX INSPECTION 220
13.2.9 CYGNUS INSTRUMENTS LTD 220
13.2.10 ACUREN INSPECTION INC. 221
13.2.11 CARESTREAM 222
13.2.12 DEKRA 223
13.2.13 INTERTEK 224
13.2.14 ELEMENT MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY 225
14 APPENDIX 226
14.1 INSIGHTS OF INDUSTRY EXPERTS 226
14.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 227
14.3 KNOWLEDGE STORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 228
14.4 AVAILABLE CUSTOMIZATIONS 230
14.5 RELATED REPORTS 230
14.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 231