頁面路徑選單
- 首頁
- 市場技術報告
- 電子零件 & 半導體
- 報告資訊
Semiconductors for Alternative Energy Technologies: Opportunities and Markets
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-1
Chapter 2 Solar Energy 2-1
2.1 Solar Infrastructure 2-1 2.1.1 Current developments 2-2 2.1.2 Worldwide installed photovoltaic totals 2-9 2.1.3 Applications of PV 2-11 2.1.3.1 PV Power Stations 2-11 2.1.3.2 PV in Buildings 2-13 2.1.3.3 PV in Transport 2-15 2.1.3.4 PV in Standalone Devices 2-18 2.1.3.5 Rural Electrification 2-18 2.1.3.6 Solar Roadways 2-19 2.1.4 Economics of PV 2-19 2.1.4.1 Power Costs 2-19 2.1.4.2 Grid Parity 2-20 2.1.4 Financial Incentives 2-21 2.1.5 Solar Forecast 2-24
2.2 Semiconductor Technology 2-26 2.2.1 Key Component Semiconductor Devices 2-26 2.2.2 Semiconductor Forecast 2-38
Chapter 3 Wind Energy 3-1
3.1 Wind Energy Infrastructure 3-1 3.1.1 Electricity Generation 3-2 3.1.1.1 Grid Management System 3-2 3.1.1.2 Capacity Factor 3-3 3.1.2 Turbine Placement 3-4 3.1.3 Offshore Wind Farms 3-4 3.1.4 Utilization Of Wind Power 3-9 3.1.5 Small Scale Wind Power 3-16 3.1.6 Economics And Feasibility 3-17 3.1.6.1 Growth And Cost Trends 3-17 3.1.6.2 Theoretical Potential 3-25 3.1.6.3 Direct Costs 3-25 3.1.6.4 External Costs 3-26 3.1.6.5 Incentives 3-27
3.2 Semiconductor Technology 3-28 3.2.1 Key Component Semiconductor Devices 3-28 3.2.2 Semiconductor Forecast 3-32
Chapter 4 Fuel Cells 4-1
4.1 Fuel Cell Infrastructure 4-1 4.1.1 Fuel Cell Design 4-1 4.1.2 History 4-3 4.1.3 Types of fuel cells 4-4 4.1.3.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane 4-4 4.1.3.2 Phosphoric Acid 4-6 4.1.3.3 Direct Methanol 4-8 4.1.3.4 Alkaline 4-8 4.1.3.6 Molten Carbonate 4-10 4.1.3.7 Solid Oxide 4-12
4.1.3.8 Proton Exchange Fuel Cells 4-15
4.1.3.9 Regenerative (Reversible) Fuel Cells 4-20 4.1.4 Efficiency 4-20 4.1.4.1 Fuel cell efficiency 4-20 4.1.4.2 In practice 4-21 4.1.5 Fuel cell applications 4-23 4.1.5.1 Suggested applications 4-24 4.1.5.2 Hydrogen transportation and refueling 4-28
4.1.6 Fuel Cell Manufacturers 4-34
4.2 Semiconductor Technology 4-45 4.2.1 Key Component Semiconductor Devices 4-45 4.2.2 Semiconductor Forecast 4-54
Chapter 5 Storage Technology 5-1
5.1 Storage Infrastructure 5-1 5.1.1 Usage And Applications 5-2 5.1.2 Charging And Discharging 5-4 5.1.3 Active Components 5-6 5.1.3.1 Common Rechargeable
5.2.6.1 NiMH Batteries 5-12
5.1.6.2 EV Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 5-16
5.1.6.3 Start-Stop Batteries 5-34
5.2 Semiconductor Technology 5-40 5.2.1 Key Component Semiconductor Devices 5-22
5.2.2 Semiconductor Forecast 5-28
Chapter 6 Geothermal Energy 6-1
6.1 Geothermal Energy Technology Infrastructure 6-1 6.1.1 Geothermal Technologies 6-1 6.1.2 Advantages 6-6 6.1.3 Disadvantages 6-7 6.1.4 History Of Development 6-8 6.1.5 Development Around The World 6-8 6.1.6 Geothermal Forecast 6-18
6.2 Semiconductor Technology 6-19 6.2.1 Key Component Semiconductor Devices 6-19
6.2.2 Semiconductor Forecast 6-22
Chapter 7 Nuclear Power 7-1
7.1 Nuclear Power Infrastructure 7-1 7.1.1 History 7-4 7.1.1.1 Origins 7-4 7.1.1.2 Early Years 7-5 7.1.1.3 Development 7-7 7.1.2 Future Of The Industry 7-8 7.1.2.1 Micro Reactors 7-12 7.1.3 Nuclear Reactor Forecast 7-32
7.2 Semiconductor Technology 7-53 7.2.1 Key Component Semiconductor Devices 7-53
7.2.2 Semiconductor Forecast 7-55
Chapter 8 Energy Harvesting 8-1
8.1 Harvesting Energy 8-1
8.1.1 Vibration Energy 8-3
8.1.2 Thermoelectric Energy 8-6
8.1.3 Electromagnetic Energy 8-11
8.1.4 Piezoelectric Energy 8-13
8.1.5 Electrostatic (Capacitive) Energy 8-15
8.1.6 Light Energy 8-16
8.2 Storing Energy 8-16
LIST OF TABLES
2.1
2.2 World's Largest Photovoltaic Power Plants 2-12
3.1 Operational Offshore Wind Farms 3-7
3.2 Wind Farms Under Construction 3-8
3.3 Installed Windpower Capacity (MW) 3-10
3.4 Annual Wind Power Generation (TWh) 3-12
3.5
4.1 Fuel Cell Comparisons 4-17
4.2 Fuel Cell Details 4-18
5.1 Rechargeable
5.2 10-Year Costs For Electric Vehicle Batteries 5-14
5.3 Breakeven Costs For EV Batteries – 40 Mile Range 5-15
5.4 Breakeven Costs For EV Batteries – 100 Mile Range 5-17
5.5 Technical Targets: Inverter/Motor Powertrain 5-37
5.6 Technical Targets: Integrated Inverter/Motor 5-38
7.1 Worldwide Nuclear Reactors By Region 7-2
7.2 Small-Medium Reactors 7-15
7-3 Number Of Reactors In Operation Worldwide 7-32
7-4 Number Of Reactors Under Construction Worldwide 7-33
7-5 Nuclear Share In Electricity Generation (%) 7-34
8.1 Comparison Between Different Ambient Energy Sources 8-2
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Flat Plate Solar Collector 2-3
2.2 Parabolic Trough Solar Collector 2-4
2.3 Solar Dish/Engine Collector 2-5
2.4 Solar
2.5 Forecast Of Solar Power 2-25
2.6 Block Diagram Of Microcontroller-Based Inverter 2-29
2.7 Block Diagram Of Solar Inverter System 2-30
2.8
2.9 PV Inverter Market Distribution 2-37
2.10 Semiconductor Revenues From Solar Energy Systems 2-39
3.1 Evolution Of
3.2
3.3 Worldwide Wind Turbine Shipments 1995 - 2012 3-19
3.4 Wind Power As Percent Of Electricity 3-21
3.5 Semiconductor Revenues From Wind Energy Systems 3-31
4.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell 4-5
4.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) Fuel Cell 4-7
4.3 Alkaline (AFC) Fuel Cell 4-9
4.4 Molten Carbonate (MCFC) Fuel Cell 4-11
4.5 Solid Oxide (SOFC) Fuel Cell 4-13
4.6 Proton Exchange Fuel Cell 4-16
4.7 Transition To A Hydrogen Economy 4-29
4.8 Hydrogen Reformer Fueling Station 4-32
4.9 Diversified Fuel Cell Development 4-35
4.10 Shipments Of Stationary Fuel Cells 50kW And
below 4-40
4.11 Shipments Of Stationary Fuel Cells
above 4-41
4.12 Worldwide Fuel Cell Shipments 2003 - 2012 4-44
4.13 Fuel Cell Inverter In Car 4-46
4.14 Block Diagram Of Fuel Cell Inverter 4-50
4.15 Semiconductor Revenues From Fuel Cell Systems 4-55
5.1 Mass And Volume Energy Densities Of Secondary Cells 5-8
5.2
5.3
5.4 Cathode Material Cost 5-23
5.5 Target For Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 5-25
5.6 Diverse
5.7 Improving Cathode Materials 5-30
5.8
5.9 Shipments Of Start-Stop, HEV, PHEV, AND EV 5-38
5.10 Start-Stop Market Forecast 5-39
5.10 A Simple Diagram Of A HEV Traction Drive System 5-42
5.11 A More Complex Diagram Of PEEM In A Plug-In
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 5-43
5.12 Conducting And Switching Loses For Inverter 5-45
5.13 Unit Pricing Trends In Power Semiconductors 5-47
5.14 Power Discrete Market Forecast For HEVs and EVs 5-48
6.1 Geothermal With Well to Magma 6-2
6.2 Conventional Geothermal Well 6.4
6.3 Geothermal Heat Pump 6-5
7.1 Hyperion Nuclear Reactor 7-13
7.2 Heat Transfer For Different Primary Coolants 7-30
7.3 Historical And Projected World Energy Use By Energy Source,
1980-2030 7-52
8.1 Technologies for Harvesting Energy 8-4
8.2 Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvester 8-5
8.3 Thermoelectric Energy Converter And Photovoltaic Cell 8-7
8.4 The Four Main Blocks Of A Typical Energy-Scavenging System 8-9
8.5 The LTC3108 Converter/Power Manager 8-12
8.6 Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Beam and MEMS Varactors 8-14
8.7 Constant-Current/Constant-Voltage